Tap water is the most common source for drinking, but there are questions about its quality. If the water is dirty, it can make people sick. For years, Cameroon has faced problems with unsafe water. This raises an important question: Can you trust the tap water here? 

In this article, we’ll look at Cameroon’s tap water supply and find out if it’s safe to drink.

Understanding Cameroon’s Water Supply for Drinking

Tap water is the most common supply for drinking water. Cameroonians choose tap water, even in rural areas. They have rivers, lakes, and springs close by but still prefer the tap. The sources of tap water include:

• Groundwater is a common resource for creating boreholes for tap water. They are usually dug to a great length and water is drawn out of them.
• Surface water from rivers and lakes is not the primary source for tap water systems, but some people use it to an extent in rural areas.

In Cameroon, people from different neighborhoods gather to get drinking water. This is common in rural areas. In urban areas, a compound often has its tap for easy access to water.

How is the Quality of Tap Water in Cameroon?

The quality of tap water depends on its location. It’s said that the water in urban areas, like Yaounde and Douola, is usually cleaner than the water in rural areas, but both are affected by contaminants. Contaminants can harm water quality greatly and cause water pollution. 

Bacteria gotten from bathing, peeing, and pooping in rivers or lakes can affect tap water. It could also be chemicals from nearby industries, which regularly release waste that has harmful substances. Another source of contamination is the presence of heavy metals in the water. Metals like lead and copper could be found in the water supply for drinking, which when taken to the body, leads to terminal illness and lead poisoning. Lastly, due to poor hygiene and poor sanitation, the source of tap water could be affected thereby making the water harmful to drink.

Common Waterborne Diseases in Cameroon and their Health Risks

Drinking unsafe water is one of the fastest ways to get sick. In Cameroon, many people still rely on untreated water from rivers, wells, and taps, which may contain harmful germs and chemicals. These can cause serious diseases known as waterborne diseases. Below are some of the most common ones and their health risks:

1. Cholera

Cholera is a deadly disease caused by bacteria in contaminated water. It leads to severe diarrhea and dehydration. If untreated, it can cause death within hours. Cholera outbreaks happen in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean drinking water.

2. Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that affects digestion. It causes high fever, stomach pain, headaches, and weakness. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications and even death. 

3. Dysentery

Dysentery happens when harmful bacteria or parasites infect the intestines, causing bloody diarrhea and stomach pain. It spreads through dirty water and poor hygiene. Children are especially at risk. 

4. Bilharzia (Schistosomiasis)

Bilharzia is a disease caused by parasites found in freshwater. The parasites enter the body through the skin and damage organs like the liver, bladder, and intestines. It can cause stomach pain, blood in urine, and long-term organ damage. 

5. Giardia and Amoebiasis

These are tiny parasites that infect the stomach and intestines. They cause diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps. People get infected by drinking dirty water or eating food washed with unsafe water. 

6. Lead Poisoning

Lead is a toxic metal sometimes found in old water pipes or polluted sources. Drinking water contaminated with lead can cause serious health problems, especially in children, affecting brain development and causing learning difficulties.  

7. Chemical Contamination

Industrial waste, pesticides, and chemicals from farming can mix with drinking water, leading to poisoning over time. Long-term exposure can damage organs like the liver and kidneys.  

How Poor Water Quality Affects Daily Life in Cameroon

Water is very important in most aspects of life and unsafe drinking water impacts people’s daily lives beyond diseases and illnesses. Aside from waterborne diseases, like cholera and diarrhea, which puts a hole into one’s pocket as a result of high medical costs, there are other areas of impact:

• Impact on Education – Sick kids can’t go to school, hence lower school attendance. 
• Economic Impact – Businesses will suffer if workers get sick from contaminated water.

What is the Government Doing?

The thought of what the government is doing about the situation could pop into your head. They created public organizations like Camwater to tackle tap water cleaning. 

The Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (Camwater) provides safe water, especially in cities. They are mostly responsible for the tap water systems in urban and rural areas. In addition to that, they also build more water treatment plants and partner with organizations to improve access to clean water.

Apart from the government, non-profit global organizations like Aqua Maya, whose work focuses on ensuring that even remote areas have access to safe drinking water, are helping to provide clean water to underserved communities.

The Challenges

A lot of challenges come with tap water supply, some of the challenges are:

• Many old water pipes are still in use.
• Some water projects lack proper funding.
• Climate change is making water shortages worse.

While improvements are being made, tap water in Cameroon is still not consistently safe for drinking.

Safe Alternatives to Tap Water in Cameroon

Since tap water in Cameroon is not always safe to drink, it’s important to find other ways to stay hydrated without risking your health. Whether you live in Cameroon or are just visiting, here are some safer options for drinking water: 

1. Bottled Water

Bottled water is one of the safest choices because it is sealed and properly packaged before being sold. Many stores and vendors sell bottled water, and trusted brands like Supermont and Tangui are widely available. Always check the seal to make sure the bottle has not been opened before you drink it. 

2. Boiled Water

Boiling water is a simple and effective way to kill germs. If bottled water is not available, you can collect tap water or well water and boil it for at least one minute to make it safe. Boiled water is a great option for both drinking and cooking. 

3. Sachet Water

Sachet water, also called “pure water,” is a popular option in many parts of Cameroon. It is sold in small plastic bags and is often cheaper than bottled water. However, not all sachet water brands are safe, so it’s important to choose brands that are properly sealed and have been approved by health authorities. 

4. Spring or Well Water

In some areas, natural springs and deep wells provide clean water. However, it’s important to check if the water source is protected from pollution. If a spring or well is properly maintained, it can be a good alternative to tap water.  

How to Check if Your Drinking Water is Safe 

Even if you are using an alternative to tap water, it’s still important to check if it is safe. Here are some ways to do that:  

• Boiling Test – If water turns cloudy after boiling, it may have dirt or bacteria and should not be consumed.  
• Smell and Taste Check – Safe water should have no strong smell or unusual taste. If it smells like chemicals or metal, it might be contaminated.  
• Local Water Reports – Check if health authorities have reported any contamination in your area.  

By choosing safer drinking water options and testing the quality of your water, you can avoid diseases and protect your health in Cameroon.  

Conclusion  

Access to clean drinking water in Cameroon remains a significant challenge, particularly in rural areas where water sources are often contaminated. The presence of harmful bacteria, parasites, and heavy metals in tap water has led to widespread waterborne diseases, posing serious health risks to the population. While the government, through organizations like Camwater, has made efforts to improve water infrastructure, many challenges persist, including aging pipelines, inadequate funding, and climate change-related water shortages.  

In response to the water crisis, organizations like Aqua Maya have stepped in to provide clean water solutions, especially in remote and underserved areas. Their efforts, along with those of the government and other nonprofits, are essential in ensuring more Cameroonians have access to safe drinking water. By increasing investments in water treatment, expanding community awareness, and encouraging safer alternatives like bottled and boiled water, Cameroon can make significant progress in securing clean drinking water for all its citizens.  

Ultimately, ensuring access to safe drinking water requires a joint effort from the government, non-profit organizations, and local communities. With continued investment and commitment, the dream of clean water for every Cameroonian can become a reality.  

Sources

1. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water

2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2963764/

3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336727986_Trace_Metals_in_Groundwater_of_Kumba_and_Environs_in_Cameroon

4. https://www.businessincameroon.com/companies/1107-7256-cameroon-in-2016-supermont-snatched-leadership-from-tangui-in-mineral-water-market

5. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON374

6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5409641/

This guide will help you understand which cities have safe tap water and where you need to be more careful. It is important to know so you don’t get sick from drinking dirty water.

General Water Quality in Togo

Togo gets its tap water from different places, like rivers, wells, and underground water sources. Around 85% of the total public national water supply in Togo comes from groundwater. The government cleans the water before sending it to people’s homes, but sometimes, the water still has dirt or germs in it.

Some areas have strong water pipes, but in other places, the pipes are old or broken, which lets dirty water mix with clean water. Also, when it rains a lot, water sources can get polluted, making tap water unsafe to drink.

Tap Water Safety in Lomé (Capital City)

Lomé, the capital of Togo, has the best water system in the country. Most people in the city get water from pipes that connect to their homes. The government treats the water before sending it, but sometimes, the pipes get dirty and germs can enter.

Many people in Lomé still choose to boil their tap water or use filters before drinking it. Tourists and visitors are usually advised to drink bottled water instead of tap water to avoid getting sick.

Tap Water Safety in Sokodé

Sokodé is the second-largest city in Togo and many people get their tap water from a public water system. While the water is treated before reaching homes, it sometimes gets contaminated along the way due to old pipes or leaks.

Locals who have lived in Sokodé for a long time may drink tap water without issues, but visitors are advised to be cautious. Boiling the water or using a filter is a safer choice. Many people also buy bottled water, especially during the dry season when water supply can be inconsistent.

Tap Water Safety in Kara

Kara is an important city in northern Togo. Many people here get their tap water from a treated water system, but it is not always reliable. Sometimes, the water supply stops, and people have to find other sources, like wells and rivers.

Because of this, the water in Kara can sometimes have dirt or bacteria. Most families boil their tap water or use water filters before drinking. Visitors are also advised to drink bottled or filtered water to stay safe.

Tap Water Safety in Kpalimé

Kpalimé is a popular tourist town because of its beautiful nature. The city gets its tap water from rivers and underground sources, which are treated before reaching homes. However, the water pipes in some parts of the city are old and can let in dirt.

Locals often drink tap water, but visitors are usually told to be careful. It is best to boil the water or use a water filter to make sure it is safe. Many people also prefer bottled water, especially when traveling.

Tap Water Safety in Atakpamé

Atakpamé, a city in central Togo, has mixed water safety levels. Some areas get clean tap water, while others face problems with water pollution. Heavy rains can make the water muddy and unsafe to drink.

People who live in Atakpamé often store water for later use, but if it is not stored properly, it can get contaminated. It is always safer to boil or filter tap water before drinking it, especially for visitors who are not used to the local water.

Tap Water Safety in Dapaong

Dapaong is in the northernmost part of Togo, where the climate is hot and dry. The city has limited water supply, and many people rely on wells and boreholes instead of tap water. Because these water sources are not always treated, they can carry bacteria or dirt.

Since tap water is not always available, people in Dapaong often buy bottled water or treat their own water at home. Boiling water or using a water filter is the best way to avoid getting sick.

Tap Water Safety in Tsévié

Tsévié is close to Lomé, and its water system is similar to that of the capital. The tap water is treated, but not everyone fully trusts it. In some areas, the pipes are old, and water can pick up dirt before it reaches homes.

Because of this, most people in Tsévié prefer to boil their water before drinking it. Some families also use filters to remove any impurities. For visitors, bottled water is the safest option.

Tap Water Safety in Aného

Aného is a coastal city and some of its water comes from underground sources. However, because it is close to the sea, there is a risk of saltwater mixing with tap water. This makes the water taste different and may not be good for drinking without treatment.

People in Aného often use wells or buy bottled water. Boiling or filtering tap water is also a common practice. Visitors should stick to bottled or properly treated water to stay safe.

Health Risks of Drinking Unsafe Tap Water in Togo

Drinking dirty water can make people very sick. In Togo, many water sources have germs and chemicals that can cause diseases. Some of the common sicknesses from unsafe water include:

• Cholera – This disease causes severe diarrhea, which can make people weak and dehydrated.
• Typhoid – A bacterial infection that leads to fever, stomach pain, and serious illness.
• Diarrhea – Drinking unclean water can upset the stomach and cause frequent trips to the toilet.

Children, older adults, and people with weak immune systems are at higher risk of getting sick from unsafe water. If they don’t get treatment quickly, these diseases can become life-threatening. That’s why it’s very important to drink clean and safe water.

Alternative Safe Drinking Water Options

Since tap water is not always safe, people in Togo use other ways to get clean drinking water. Some options include:

• Boiling water – Heating water until it bubbles kills germs and makes it safer to drink.
• Water filters – Some families use filters to remove dirt and bacteria from their tap water.
• Bottled water – Many people prefer bottled water because it is sealed and treated properly.
• Sachet water (pure water) – Small plastic bags of treated water are sold everywhere, but some may still be unsafe if not properly made.
• Chlorine tablets – These are small tablets added to water to kill harmful germs.

Using these options can help prevent sickness and make sure families have safe water to drink.

What the Government and NGOs Are Doing to Improve Water Safety

The government and different organizations are working to make water safer in Togo. Some of their efforts include:

• Building better water systems – They are fixing old water pipes and improving treatment plants to make sure tap water is cleaner.
• Providing water filters and treatment solutions – Some NGOs (non-governmental organizations) are giving free water filters to communities that don’t have clean water.
• Educating people – Health workers and volunteers teach people how to store and treat their water properly at home.
• Bringing clean water to villages – Many rural areas don’t have taps, so organizations are digging wells and boreholes to give people access to safe drinking water.

Even though progress is being made, more work is needed to ensure every home in Togo has safe and clean drinking water.

Practical Tips for Staying Safe When Drinking Water in Togo

If you live in Togo or visit, here are simple ways to make sure your water is safe:

• Drink bottled water if unsure about tap water.
• Boil tap water before drinking it.
• Use a water filter at home.
• Avoid drinking water from rivers, streams, or open wells.
• Check for signs of dirty water, like strange color or smell.
• Store water in clean containers with covers to keep it safe.

By following these steps, people can reduce the risk of getting sick and enjoy safer drinking water.

Conclusion

Water safety in Togo varies from city to city. While Lomé has better water treatment facilities, other places like Sokodé, Kara, Kpalimé, and Atakpamé still face challenges with clean water access. Many people rely on tap water, but contamination risks remain, making extra precautions necessary.

Drinking unsafe water can lead to serious health problems, like cholera and typhoid, which is why it’s important to use filtration methods, boil water, or opt for bottled water when in doubt. The government and different organizations, including NGOs like Aqua Maya, are working to improve water quality, but progress takes time. Aqua Maya focuses on providing safe and clean water to communities in need, helping to reduce the risks of waterborne diseases.

To stay safe, residents and visitors should always check the water quality in their area, use proper purification methods, and report any water issues to local authorities. Clean drinking water is essential for health, and everyone has a role to play in ensuring safer water access across Togo.

Sources

1. https://eau.gouv.tg/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Strategic-plan-for-universal-access-to-drinking-water-and-sanitation-in-Togo.pdf

2. https://www.africanwaterfacility.org/en/news/how-sokode-became-benchmark-city-sanitation-togo

3. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Togo

4. https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15

Sometimes, there is too much rain, leading to floods. Other times, there is very little rain, causing droughts. These extreme weather changes make it difficult for people to get clean drinking water and for farmers to grow food. This article will explore how climate change is affecting Togo’s water resources and what people are doing to adapt.

Overview of Togo’s Water Resources

Togo gets its water from different sources, including rivers, lakes, and underground wells. Some of the major water sources in the country are:

• The Mono River, which is one of Togo’s largest rivers.
• Lake Togo, which is an important water body near the coast.
• Groundwater, which is found underground and accessed through wells and boreholes.

People in Togo use water for drinking, cooking, farming, and businesses. However, not everyone has access to clean water. In rural areas, some people walk long distances to fetch water from wells or rivers. In cities, water supply systems are often unreliable, leading to shortages.

Even without climate change, Togo already faces challenges with water supply. Climate change is now making the situation worse, putting more pressure on the country’s water resources.

How Climate Change is Affecting Togo’s Water Resources

Climate change is severely affecting the way water is available in Togo. Here are some of the main ways it is affecting water resources:

• Rising temperatures – Hotter weather causes more water to evaporate, drying up rivers and lakes faster than before.
• Unpredictable rainfall – Some years, there is too much rain, leading to floods. Other years, there is very little rain, causing droughts. This makes it hard to plan for water use.
• Extreme weather events – Heavy storms and floods can damage water pipes and wells, making it harder for people to get clean water.

Because of these changes, many people in Togo are struggling with water shortages. Farmers are also affected because their crops depend on a steady supply of water.

The Impact on Drinking Water and Public Health

Water is essential for good health, but when there is a shortage, people are forced to drink unsafe water, which can lead to diseases. Some of the health problems caused by dirty water include:

• Cholera – A dangerous disease that spreads through contaminated water and causes severe diarrhea.
• Typhoid fever – A bacterial infection that spreads through dirty water and causes fever, stomach pain, and weakness.
• Diarrhea – Drinking unclean water can cause frequent stomach problems, which can be deadly for young children.

The people most affected by water shortages are children, the elderly, and those living in rural areas where there are fewer clean water sources. When there is not enough safe water, hospitals also struggle to maintain hygiene, increasing the risk of infections.

As climate change continues to affect water resources in Togo, the government and local organizations are working on solutions to ensure people have access to clean drinking water. However, much more needs to be done to protect public health.

The Impact on Agriculture and Food Security

Farming is one of the most important activities in Togo, providing food and jobs for many people. However, climate change is making farming more difficult because water for crops is becoming less reliable.

• Droughts – When there is not enough rain, crops dry up and farmers lose their harvests. This leads to food shortages and higher food prices.
• Floods – Too much rain can wash away crops and destroy farmland. It also increases soil erosion, making the land less fertile.
• Changes in growing seasons – Farmers rely on predictable weather patterns to know when to plant and harvest. But with climate change, the seasons are shifting, making it harder to plan farming activities.

When farmers lose their crops, it doesn’t just affect them – it affects everyone. Food becomes more expensive and more people struggle to afford meals. If climate change continues to affect water availability, Togo could face serious food shortages in the future.

Water Conflicts and Community Struggles

As water becomes scarcer, competition for access to clean water is increasing. This is leading to conflicts in some areas, especially in places where farmers, herders, and households all depend on the same water sources.

• Farmers vs. herders – When water sources dry up, farmers and livestock herders sometimes fight over limited supplies.
• Rural vs. urban areas – In cities, people may have better access to water through government supplies, while rural communities often struggle to find clean water. This creates tension between different groups.
• Cross-border conflicts – Rivers like the Mono River are shared with neighboring countries. When water levels drop, disputes can arise over how much water each country can use.

To prevent these conflicts from getting worse, local communities and governments need to find fair ways to manage water resources. This includes improving water storage and distribution systems to ensure everyone has access.

Local Adaptation Strategies: How People Are Coping

Despite the challenges, people in Togo are finding ways to adapt to the changing climate and protect their water resources. Some of the key strategies being used include:

• Rainwater harvesting – Many households and farmers collect and store rainwater during the rainy season to use during dry periods.
• Better irrigation methods – Some farmers are switching to water-saving irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation, to reduce water waste.
• Growing drought-resistant crops – Some farmers are planting crops that need less water, such as millet and sorghum, to cope with unpredictable rainfall.
• Community water management – Villages are working together to manage their water sources fairly, ensuring that everyone has access, especially during droughts.

These strategies are helping people adjust to the new water challenges caused by climate change. However, bigger solutions are still needed to make sure water is available for everyone in the long term.

The Role of Government and NGOs in Water Protection

The Togolese government and various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are working to improve water security in the country. Some of their efforts include:

• Building new water infrastructure – The government is working on projects to improve water storage, repair old pipes, and expand access to clean water in rural areas.
• Education and awareness programs – NGOs are teaching communities about water conservation and safe drinking practices to prevent diseases.
• Climate change policies – Togo is part of international agreements aimed at reducing the impact of climate change and protecting natural resources.
• Partnerships with global organizations – Groups like Aqua Maya, whose work focuses on ensuring that even remote areas have access to safe drinking water, are stepping in to help provide clean water to underserved communities.

While these efforts are making a difference, more investment is needed to fully protect Togo’s water resources from the long-term effects of climate change.

Future Solutions: What Can Be Done to Protect Togo’s Water?

While people in Togo are doing their best to adapt to climate change, long-term solutions are needed to protect water resources for future generations. Here are some ways the country can improve its water security:

Expanding Water Storage and Supply Systems

• Building more reservoirs and water tanks to store rainwater during the rainy season for use in the dry months.
• Fixing old pipes and expanding water networks so more people, especially in rural areas, can access clean water.

Promoting Reforestation and Soil Protection

• Planting more trees can help stop soil erosion and keep water sources from drying up.
• Protecting wetlands and forests will help maintain natural water cycles.

Investing in Climate-Resilient Agriculture

• Teaching farmers how to use water more efficiently with better irrigation systems.
• Encouraging the use of drought-resistant crops that need less water to grow.

Strengthening Water Laws and Policies

• The government can enforce stricter rules to stop water pollution and waste.
• Better management of shared rivers with neighboring countries to avoid conflicts over water use.

Supporting More Clean Water Projects

• Aqua Maya and other NGOs are already helping communities get access to clean drinking water. Expanding these efforts will ensure that more people, especially in rural areas, have safe water sources.
• Encouraging international partnerships to bring more funding and technology to improve water infrastructure.

By taking these steps, Togo can protect its water resources and reduce the impact of climate change. But it requires cooperation from the government, communities, and organizations working together toward a more sustainable future.

Conclusion

Climate change is making it harder for people in Togo to get clean and reliable water. Rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, and droughts are drying up water sources, while heavy floods contaminate drinking water. This puts millions of people at risk, especially those in rural areas who already struggle to find safe water.

Despite these challenges, Togolese communities are finding ways to adapt. People are harvesting rainwater, digging wells, and using water filters. Farmers are learning new ways to grow crops with less water, and NGOs like Aqua Maya are helping to provide clean drinking water to those in need.

However, adaptation alone is not enough. To protect Togo’s water future, long-term solutions are necessary. The government must invest in better water storage, protect forests, improve irrigation for farmers, and enforce stronger water management policies. With the right actions, Togo can ensure that future generations have access to clean water, even in the face of climate change.

Water is life and every drop counts. By working together, Togo can secure its water resources and build a stronger, more resilient future.

Sources

1. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=131099
2. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2018-10/wb_gfdrr_climate_change_country_profile_for_TGO.pdf

Because of this, different groups are working hard to make water safer. The government, international organizations, and local communities are trying to fix this problem. They are building water systems, teaching people about clean water, and finding new ways to bring safe water to homes.

Government Projects for Clean Water

The Liberian government knows that clean water is important and have started different projects to improve water quality. One way is by fixing old pipes and building water treatment plants. These plants clean the water before people use it.

The government has also made rules to protect water sources like rivers and lakes. They want to stop people from throwing trash or chemicals into the water. Another plan is to bring safe water to more villages so people don’t have to walk long distances to find it.

Help from International Organizations

Liberia is getting help from big international groups like UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO). These groups build wells and water tanks so people can have clean water close to their homes, training people to take care of these sources so they don’t get dirty again. Some programs also teach families how to store water safely to prevent contamination with dirt or germs.

Community Efforts to Improve Water Quality

Local communities are also working to keep their water clean. Local groups plant trees near rivers to stop the soil from washing into the water. Others clean wells and make sure they are covered so dirt and animals don’t get inside.

People are also learning how to collect rainwater in big containers. This gives them another source of clean water, especially when there is no rain for a long time. Schools and churches, too, are teaching children how to keep their drinking water safe.

Building More Wells and Boreholes

One way to get clean water is by digging wells and boreholes. A well is a deep hole in the ground where people can fetch water, and a borehole is an even deeper hole with a pump to bring water up. Many groups are helping to build these so that people don’t have to drink from dirty rivers.

A few villages now have hand pumps so they don’t have to carry water from far away. These pumps make it easier to get clean water and are built in places where many families can use them.

Teaching People About Water Safety

Even if clean water is available, people need to know how to keep it safe. Some groups are teaching families simple things like always boiling water before drinking it. They also show people how to store water in clean containers with lids so that dirt and insects don’t get inside.

Children in schools are learning about good hygiene, like washing hands with clean water and soap. This helps to stop the spread of diseases that come from dirty water.

Stopping Water Pollution

Water gets dirty when people throw trash, chemicals, or waste into rivers and lakes. Organizations are working to stop this by teaching people why it’s important to keep water clean. They ask people not to throw garbage into water sources and to help clean up areas where water is already dirty.

Factories and businesses are also being told to stop dumping waste into rivers. The government is making new rules so that water sources are protected.

Bringing Water Filters to Homes and Schools

Not every place has clean water, but people can use special filters to clean their water before drinking it. These filters remove dirt and germs, making the water safer. Some groups are giving water filters to families, especially in areas where there are no wells or boreholes. Schools and hospitals are also receiving water filters so that children and patients can have safe water to drink.

Fixing Broken Water Pipes and Systems

Many places in Liberia have water pipes, but a number of them are old or broken. When pipes leak or get damaged, clean water is wasted, and dirty water can mix with the clean supply. Organizations and the government are working to fix these pipes so that water can reach more people safely. They are also checking water tanks and treatment plants to make sure they work properly. When pipes and water systems are in good shape, more families can get clean water in their homes.

Helping Communities Take Care of Their Water Sources

It’s not enough to build wells and fix pipes – people also need to take care of their water sources. Some groups are teaching local communities how to maintain their wells and pumps so they don’t break down. They also train community leaders to test water quality regularly to make sure it is safe.

In some places, people are planting trees near water sources to keep them clean because they help prevent dirt and chemicals from getting into rivers and streams. When communities take care of their water, they can have safe drinking water for many years.

Using Technology to Make Water Safer

Technology is helping Liberia improve its water quality. Some organizations are using water testing kits that quickly check if water is safe to drink. Others are using solar-powered water filters in places where there is no electricity. There are mobile phone apps that help track water problems. For example, if a well stops working or a pipe is leaking, people can report it through an app and help can come faster.

By using new technology, Liberia can make sure more people have access to clean and safe water.

The Role of Schools in Teaching Water Safety

Schools play an important role in helping children understand the importance of clean water. Many schools now teach students how to keep water safe and why it is important to drink clean water. Some schools also provide clean drinking water and teach children to wash their hands properly. When children learn these habits early, they can help their families and communities stay healthier.

Encouraging Communities to Take Action

People in local communities also have a big role to play in keeping their water clean. Many villages and towns are learning how to protect their wells and rivers from pollution. Communities sometimes have groups that clean up trash near water sources and teach others how to store water safely. When people work together, they can make sure their water stays safe for everyone.

Emergency Responses During Water Crisis

When there is a flood, drought, or disease outbreak, clean water becomes even harder to find. During these times, organizations and governments bring bottled water, build emergency water stations, and provide cleaning supplies to affected areas. These quick actions help prevent the spread of diseases and save lives. However, long-term solutions are needed so that people don’t suffer every time there is a crisis.

Encouraging Water Conservation

Clean water is precious, and everyone must use it wisely. Many people waste water without realizing it. Teaching families, schools, and businesses how to save water can help make sure there is enough for everyone. Simple actions like fixing leaks, turning off taps when not in use, and collecting rainwater can make a big difference. When people learn to use water wisely, they help protect the environment and reduce water shortages.

The Role of Technology in Water Improvement

Technology is playing a big role in bringing clean water to Liberia. New water filters, better pumps, and smart water management systems are helping communities get safe drinking water. A few villages now have solar-powered water pumps that bring clean water from deep underground. Scientists and engineers are also creating new ways to clean dirty water so it can be used again. By using the right technology, Liberia can solve many of its water problems and provide safe water for more people.

Conclusion

Clean water is essential for life, but many people in Liberia still struggle to get safe drinking water. Poor infrastructure, pollution, and lack of resources make it difficult to provide clean water for all. However, many efforts are being made to improve the situation.

Schools are teaching children how to stay safe and keep their water clean. Communities are working together to protect their wells and rivers. During emergencies, quick responses help people get the water they need. At the same time, the government, local groups, and international organizations are working hard to build better water systems and improve access to clean water.

Aqua Maya is one of the organizations helping to bring safe water to the communities that need it most. With more support, investment, and education, Liberia can overcome its water challenges. Everyone deserves access to clean and safe water, and together, we can make it happen.

Sources

1. https://www.unicef.org/liberia/water-sanitation-and-hygiene

2. https://breakthroughactionandresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Improving-Hygiene-in-Liberia-With-IVR-Technology-A-Technical-Brief.pdf

3. https://www.giscloud.com/blog/mapping-entire-liberia-to-bring-clean-water-to-everyone-gis-for-ngos-case-study/

Health Problems and Disease Spread

When people drink dirty water, they get sick. Diseases like cholera, typhoid, and diarrhea are very common in places where clean water is hard to find. Children are the most affected because their bodies are not strong enough to fight these diseases. Pregnant women and older people also suffer a lot.

Many children in Liberia die every year because of diseases from dirty water. Some people think boiling water can help, but not everyone has firewood or gas to boil water every day. Others may not even know the water is unsafe until they get sick.

The Burden on Healthcare Facilities

When many people fall sick because of dirty water, hospitals and clinics become overcrowded. Doctors and nurses struggle to treat everyone, and sometimes there are not enough medicines or beds.

Families also face a big challenge. Medical treatment costs money, and not everyone can afford it. Many people end up spending money on hospital bills instead of food, school fees, or other basic needs.

The government also spends a lot of money fighting waterborne diseases. This money could have been used to build better roads, schools, and other important things for the country.

Loss of Productivity and Economic Impact

When people are sick, they cannot go to work. This means they do not earn money to feed their families. Farmers cannot go to their farms, market women cannot sell goods, and office workers miss important tasks.

Even children miss school when they are sick. If they are absent too often, they may drop out. This affects the future of the country because education is important for growth.

When too many people are sick, businesses slow down, and the economy suffers. A country cannot develop if its people are too sick to work or learn.

Unsafe Water and Its Effect on Education

When children drink unsafe water, they often get sick. This means they have to stay home or go to the hospital. Either way, they miss school. Some may be absent for days or even weeks, while others drop out completely because they are too weak or their families cannot afford hospital bills and school fees at the same time.

Even when children manage to attend school, they may struggle to concentrate. Stomach pain, dehydration, or some form of discomfort can make it hard for them to learn properly.

In some areas, schools do not have clean water or good toilets. This makes learning uncomfortable, especially for girls who need proper hygiene. Schools suffer a lot when there is no clean water – spreading diseases with ease becomes the order of the day.

The Burden on Women and Girls

In most African countries, if not all, women and girls are often the ones who collect water for their families. Liberian women and girls are no exception. In places where there is no clean water, they walk long distances every day to fetch it, taking lots of time and energy. Girls miss school sometimes because they have to fetch water early in the morning.

Sometimes, women and girls have to go to unsafe areas, putting them at risk of danger, including attacks or accidents. Carrying heavy buckets of water can also affect their health, causing body pain and stress.

For women, this daily struggle means less time for jobs or starting small businesses. If they could access clean water nearby, they would have more opportunities to work, learn, and take better care of their families.

Unsafe water also puts women at risk of infections, especially during pregnancy. Without clean water, keeping themselves and their babies healthy becomes a big challenge.

Food and Agriculture Challenges

Farmers need clean water to grow food and raise animals. When the water is unsafe, crops do not grow well, and animals can get sick. This leads to less food for families and higher food prices in the markets.

People who depend on fishing also face problems. If the water is polluted, fish die, and fishermen cannot catch enough to sell. This affects their income and makes it harder for families to buy food.

If people eat food that was grown with contaminated water, they can get sick. This makes the food crisis even worse because many people in Liberia already struggle to afford healthy meals.

The Impact on Urban and Rural Communities

Unsafe water affects both cities and villages, but in different ways. In crowded city areas, many people rely on shared water sources. If these sources are contaminated, diseases spread quickly. Poor drainage and waste disposal also make water pollution worse.

In rural areas, people often walk long distances to fetch water from rivers or wells. These water sources are not always safe because animals, waste, and chemicals can contaminate them. Many villages do not have proper toilets, making water pollution a bigger problem.

When water is unsafe, an entire community, whether rural or urban, suffers. Businesses slow, schools struggle, hospitals overcrowd, and families face more financial problems.

A lack of clean water also makes it difficult for communities to attract investors or development projects. No company wants to set up a business in a place where workers are always sick or where there is no reliable water supply.

Both urban and rural areas need better access to clean water. Without it, daily life remains a struggle, and people keep suffering from preventable diseases.

Climate Change and Its Effect on Water Safety

Climate change is making Liberia’s water crisis worse. Longer dry seasons mean water sources dry up, forcing people to travel farther for water. Heavy rains and floods, on the other hand, wash dirt and waste into rivers, making the water unsafe to drink. As weather patterns continue to change, the challenge of finding clean water grows even bigger.

To protect water sources, Liberia needs stronger systems to manage floods and droughts. Planting more trees, preventing pollution, and building better water storage systems can help communities have safe water all year round. If action isn’t taken, the water crisis will only get worse, affecting more lives in the future.

Environmental Consequences

When water is not properly managed, it doesn’t just affect people – it also harms nature. Rivers, lakes, and groundwater become polluted from human waste, trash, and chemicals. When these water sources are dirty, fish and other animals that depend on them start to die.

Deforestation and poor farming methods also make the water problem worse. When trees are cut down, there is nothing to stop rain from washing soil and dirt into rivers. This makes the water muddy and unsafe for drinking.

If Liberia does not protect its water sources, the problem will continue to grow. The country needs to take care of the environment to ensure that future generations have clean water to drink, cook, and farm with.

Government and NGO Efforts to Improve Water Safety

The Liberian government, along with local and international organizations, has been working to improve water safety. Some projects focus on building wells and boreholes in rural areas, while others improve sanitation in cities.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like Aqua Maya are also stepping in to help. They work to provide clean and safe drinking water to underserved communities, making sure people do not have to rely on unsafe water sources.

Despite these efforts, many people in Liberia still do not have access to clean water. More funding, better management, and stronger policies are needed to make safe water available to everyone.

The Role of Communities in Solving the Water Crisis

While governments and organizations play a big role, local communities also have a part in solving the water crisis. People can help by keeping their surroundings clean, properly disposing of waste, and protecting water sources from pollution.

Education is also important. When communities learn about the dangers of unsafe water and how to purify it, they can take steps to protect their health. Schools, churches, and local leaders can help spread awareness about safe water practices.

By working together, communities can make a big difference. Small actions, like boiling water before drinking or using covered wells, can save lives and prevent diseases.

Conclusion

Unsafe water is a big problem in Liberia, affecting health, education, jobs, and even the environment. Farmers lose crops, hospitals become overcrowded, and businesses suffer. Communities, especially women and children, bear the greatest burden.

The good news is that this problem can be solved. The government, organizations, and communities must work together to improve water quality. Projects like those from Aqua Maya are already making a difference by bringing clean water to those who need it most, but more needs to be done.

Everyone has a role to play – whether it’s investing in better water systems, educating people on safe water use, or simply protecting rivers and wells from pollution. Clean water is not a luxury; it is a basic need. A healthier Liberia starts with safe drinking water for all.

Sources

1. https://www.unicef.org/liberia/water-sanitation-and-hygiene

2. https://www.wateraid.org/us/where-we-work/liberia

3. https://www.concern.net/news/dirty-water-brings-life-threatening-risk-liberia

But while bottled water offers a solution to the problem of unsafe drinking water, it also comes with challenges. The cost, environmental impact, and quality control issues raise important questions. Is bottled water the best solution, or are there better alternatives? This article looks at both the good and the bad sides of bottled water in Benin.

The Advantages of Bottled Water

Safe and Clean Drinking Water

One of the biggest reasons people buy bottled water is safety. Many areas in Benin struggle with access to clean tap water. Some water sources are contaminated, leading to health risks like diarrhea and typhoid. Bottled water, when properly produced, is filtered and treated to remove harmful bacteria and chemicals, making it a safer option for drinking.

Convenience and Portability

Bottled water is easy to carry and use anywhere – at home, at work, in schools, or while traveling. Unlike tap water, which might not always be available, bottled water can be bought and stored for later use. This makes it a practical choice, especially in areas where water supply is inconsistent.

Emergency Use

During water shortages, floods, or disease outbreaks, bottled water can be a lifesaver. When tap water becomes unsafe or unavailable, having bottled water ensures that people still have access to clean drinking water. This is especially important for vulnerable groups like children, the elderly, and sick individuals.

The Role of Bottled Water in Rural Areas

In rural parts of Benin, access to clean drinking water has been a long-standing issue. Programs like AQUA-VIE are working hard to bring clean tap water to villages by building new systems that connect homes to safe drinking water. However, until these projects are complete, many rural families rely on bottled or sachet water as their main source of clean drinking water.

The Economic Benefits of the Bottled Water Industry

Bottled water isn’t just about drinking – it’s also a big business. The industry provides jobs for thousands of people in Benin, from factory workers to delivery drivers and street vendors. Many small businesses depend on selling bottled water as part of their daily income.

For the government, the bottled water industry also brings in revenue through taxes and business registrations. As more companies invest in water production, it can lead to better water treatment technology and innovations that benefit the wider population.

However, while bottled water creates jobs and business opportunities, it also raises questions about whether the focus should be on improving public water systems instead of relying on private companies for clean water.

The High Cost of Bottled Water

While bottled water is convenient, it is not cheap. For many families in Benin Republic, buying bottled water every day is a big expense. Compared to tap water or even treated well water, bottled water costs much more. This makes it difficult for low-income households to afford safe drinking water regularly.

When people have to choose between buying water and meeting other basic needs, like food, rent, or school fees, the cost becomes a serious issue. Some families end up drinking unsafe water simply because they cannot afford bottled water every day.

Businesses also feel the impact. Restaurants, schools, and offices that rely on bottled water spend a lot of money providing it for their workers, students, and customers. This extra cost could be used for other important things, like improving services or paying employees better.

Price Fluctuations and Accessibility Issues

Bottled water prices in Benin can vary greatly depending on the region and supplier. In urban areas, bottled water is more accessible, but in rural communities, prices can be significantly higher due to transportation costs. During dry seasons or supply shortages, prices can spike, making it harder for low-income households to afford safe drinking water. This economic barrier shows the need for long-term investments in public water systems rather than relying solely on bottled water as a solution.

Environmental Impact of Bottled Water

One of the biggest problems with bottled water is plastic waste. In Benin, many used water bottles end up in streets, gutters, and waterways, contributing to pollution. Since plastic takes hundreds of years to break down, these bottles pile up, clogging drainage systems and increasing the risk of flooding, especially during the rainy season.

Another concern is that most plastic bottles are not properly recycled. While some people try to reuse them, many end up in open dumps or are burned, releasing harmful chemicals into the air. This pollution affects both the environment and human health.

Additionally, producing bottled water requires a lot of resources. Large amounts of water and energy are used to make plastic bottles, transport them, and keep them cool. This process increases carbon emissions, contributing to climate change.

The Growth of the Bottled Water Industry in Benin

Over the years, the bottled water industry in Benin has expanded rapidly, driven by increasing concerns over water safety and urbanization. More businesses are entering the market, offering a variety of bottled water options to meet consumer demand. While this growth has created jobs and boosted the economy, it also raises concerns about regulation and quality control. Not all bottled water brands meet the highest safety standards, and weak enforcement can lead to inconsistencies in quality. Ensuring proper oversight in the industry is crucial so that people truly get safe and clean water for their money.

Regulation and Safety Concerns

The FDA in Benin does a great job with regulation and safety. Although bottled water is often seen as a safer option, not all brands meet the highest health and safety standards. Some bottled water companies operate without proper regulation, meaning that not all bottled water is as clean as it should be. There have been cases where bottled water was found to contain bacteria or harmful chemicals, putting people’s health at risk.

Another issue is counterfeit bottled water. Some people refill empty bottles with tap or well water and sell them as new. Since these bottles are not properly sealed or treated, they can cause serious health problems. Without strong regulations and routine testing, it is difficult to guarantee that every bottle of water sold is truly safe to drink.

Alternatives to Bottled Water

Given the concerns surrounding bottled water in Benin, it’s important to explore other safe and affordable drinking water options. One alternative is improving access to clean tap water. If the government and private sector invest in better water treatment and distribution systems, more people can have reliable access to safe drinking water without relying on bottled water.

Another option is using water filtration systems. Simple filters, such as ceramic filters, can remove dirt, bacteria, and other contaminants from water, making it safe to drink. These filters can be used at home or in communities, providing a long-term and cost-effective solution.

Rainwater harvesting is also a viable alternative. Collecting and storing rainwater in clean containers can help families have a steady water supply, especially in rural areas. With proper treatment, rainwater can be safe for drinking and other household uses.

Finally, promoting the use of refillable water bottles can help reduce plastic waste. If more people carry reusable bottles and refill them with filtered or treated water, it can lower the demand for single-use plastic bottles and contribute to a cleaner environment.

The Role of Regulations and Quality Control

One of the major concerns with bottled water in Benin is the lack of strict regulations and consistent quality control. While some brands meet health and safety standards, others may sell water that is not properly purified, putting consumers at risk. Without clear enforcement of quality standards, people may unknowingly buy contaminated or low-quality bottled water.

Stronger government regulations are needed to ensure that all bottled water brands meet the same safety requirements. Regular testing and transparent labeling can help consumers make informed choices. When companies are held accountable for the quality of their water, it builds trust and protects public health.

The Role of Bottled Water in Emergency Situations

In times of crisis, bottled water becomes a lifeline for many communities in Benin. When natural disasters like floods contaminate local water sources or when disease outbreaks make tap water unsafe, people have no choice but to rely on bottled water for drinking, cooking, and even basic hygiene.

During cholera outbreaks, for example, clean water is crucial to stop the spread of the disease. If public water systems are affected, bottled water provides a quick and reliable alternative. Humanitarian organizations often distribute bottled water to affected communities to prevent dehydration and illness, especially in areas where access to safe water is already a challenge.

Additionally, in regions where water infrastructure is weak or unreliable, bottled water serves as a temporary solution when water supply systems fail. This is especially important for hospitals, schools, and emergency shelters, where having clean water can make a significant difference in preventing health crises.

While bottled water is not a long-term solution to Benin’s water challenges, its role in emergency situations cannot be ignored. It provides immediate relief when other sources are unavailable, showing the need for both short-term solutions like bottled water and long-term investments in sustainable water infrastructure.

Conclusion

Bottled water has become a lifeline for many people in Benin, providing a convenient and often safer alternative to untreated water sources. However, it comes with significant drawbacks, including high costs, environmental pollution, and concerns about regulation and quality. While bottled water may seem like a quick fix, it is not a sustainable long-term solution to the country’s water challenges.

Investing in improved water infrastructure, promoting water filtration systems, and encouraging better waste management practices can help reduce dependence on bottled water. Not-for-profit charities like Aqua Maya, which focus on providing safe and clean water to local communities in West Africa, play a crucial role in addressing these issues. By supporting such initiatives and working together (individuals, businesses, and the government), Benin can move toward a future where clean water is accessible to all without the heavy economic and environmental price of bottled water.

Sources

1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11429257/

2. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=57800

Many people rely on tap water for their daily needs, but is it safe to drink? The answer isn’t an outright yes. While efforts have been made to improve water access, issues like contamination, poor infrastructure, and inconsistent water treatment raise concerns.

Unsafe water can lead to serious health problems, including diseases like cholera and typhoid. As water experts say, “Access to clean water isn’t a luxury – it’s a necessity for health and development.” So, what’s really in Liberia’s tap water, and what can people do to ensure they drink water safely?

Sources of Tap Water in Liberia

Tap water in Liberia comes from different sources depending on where you live. In urban areas, the Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) provides piped water to some homes and businesses. However, not all areas have access, and even when they do, the supply isn’t always reliable.

In rural communities, many people rely on wells, boreholes, and hand pumps for water. Some also collect rainwater. While these sources can be useful, they are not always treated, meaning the water may contain dirt, bacteria, and other harmful substances. For those who don’t have access to tap water, buying bottled water or fetching water from rivers and streams becomes their only option.

Water Treatment and Quality Standards

The government has systems in place to treat tap water before it reaches homes. This includes filtering and adding chlorine to kill bacteria and other germs. However, not all tap water in Liberia goes through proper treatment. Aging pipes, leaks, and low water pressure can cause contamination, especially in areas where sewage systems are weak.

Liberia has water quality regulations, but enforcement is a challenge. In some places, tap water is tested regularly, while in others, it’s left unchecked for long periods. This inconsistency makes it difficult for people to fully trust that their tap water is always safe.

Common Contaminants in Tap Water

Even when tap water looks clean, it might still contain harmful substances. Some of the most common contaminants found in Liberia’s water supply include:

• Bacteria and viruses – These can come from human waste, making water unsafe to drink and causing diseases like cholera and dysentery.
• Chemicals – Old pipes may release lead or other metals into the water. Also, pesticides and industrial waste can seep into water sources.
• Dirt and debris – During the rainy season, heavy floods can wash dirt and waste into water systems, increasing the risk of contamination.

Health Risks of Drinking Untreated Tap Water

Drinking unsafe tap water can lead to serious health problems, especially for children, pregnant women, and the elderly. Some of the most common health issues linked to contaminated water in Liberia include:

• Diarrhea and dehydration – Waterborne diseases like cholera and dysentery can cause severe diarrhea, leading to dehydration. This is especially dangerous for young children.
• Typhoid fever – This bacterial infection spreads through contaminated water and can cause high fever, stomach pain, and weakness.
• Parasitic infections – Tiny parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium can be present in untreated water, causing stomach cramps and long-term digestive issues.
• Heavy metal poisoning – In some areas, old pipes may release lead or other toxic metals into the water, which can harm brain development in children and cause kidney problems in adults.

How People in Liberia Make Tap Water Safer

Since tap water safety isn’t guaranteed everywhere, people in Liberia have found different ways to make their drinking water safer:

• Boiling – One of the simplest and most effective methods. Boiling water for at least one minute kills bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
• Water filtration – Some households use water filters to remove dirt and harmful substances. Simple clay or charcoal filters can help, but advanced filters work even better.
• Chlorine treatment – Some people add chlorine drops or tablets to their water to kill germs. These are affordable and available in some pharmacies and health centers.
• Buying bottled or sachet water – Those who can afford it often buy bottled or sachet water, but this isn’t always a long-term solution due to cost and environmental concerns.

These methods help reduce the risk of illness, but they don’t solve the bigger issue of providing safe tap water for everyone.

Government and International Efforts to Improve Water Safety

Recognizing the need for clean water, the Liberian government, along with international organizations, has been working to improve water access and quality.

Some of the key efforts include:

• Upgrading water treatment plants – New projects aim to modernize old water treatment facilities, ensuring that more communities get treated water.
• Expanding water infrastructure – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) is working to provide more households with piped water, but progress is slow.
• Partnerships with NGOs and aid organizations – Groups like UNICEF, the World Bank, and Aqua Maya are supporting water projects to bring clean drinking water to local communities.
• Public awareness campaigns – Educating people on the importance of boiling and filtering water helps reduce health risks.

Comparing Tap Water Safety in Urban vs. Rural Areas

Tap water safety in Liberia depends a lot on where you live:

• Urban areas (like Monrovia) – Some neighborhoods have piped water, but supply is unreliable. Many people still boil or filter their tap water before drinking it.
• Rural areas – Most communities lack piped water, so people rely on wells, streams, and hand pumps. These sources are often contaminated, increasing the risk of diseases.
• Slum areas – In crowded settlements, access to clean water is very limited. People often share water sources, making contamination a big problem.

The Cost of Safe Drinking Water in Liberia

For many people in Liberia, accessing safe drinking water is not just about availability – it’s also about affordability. While tap water should ideally be the cheapest option, its safety concerns often force people to spend extra money on alternatives.

Here’s a look at the cost challenges:

• Bottled and sachet water – Many urban residents buy bottled or sachet water to ensure safety. A small sachet of water is affordable for daily use, but buying bottled water regularly can be expensive, especially for low-income families.
• Water treatment methods – Boiling water requires fuel, whether it’s charcoal, gas, or electricity. Filtering systems can be costly upfront, even if they save money in the long run. Chlorine tablets and other chemical treatments are an extra expense.
• Fetching water from safer sources – In some rural areas, people walk long distances to fetch water from cleaner wells or boreholes. The time and effort spent collecting water could be used for work or school.
• Water delivery services – In some communities, especially where there’s no piped water, private vendors sell water from tankers or wells. This can be costly and doesn’t always guarantee better quality.

The Role of Government and Organizations in Improving Tap Water Safety

Ensuring safe tap water in Liberia is not only the responsibility of individuals – it requires action from the government, local authorities, and organizations working in the water sector.

Here’s how different groups are involved:

• Government efforts – The Liberian government, through agencies like the Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC), is responsible for providing clean tap water. However, challenges like outdated infrastructure, inconsistent funding, and limited resources slow down progress.
• International aid and NGOs – Organizations like UNICEF, the World Bank, and Aqua Maya focus on improving access to clean water, especially in rural communities. These groups help build wells, install filtration systems, and promote hygiene education.
• Community-driven initiatives – Some local communities take matters into their own hands by maintaining wells, organizing clean-up efforts, or advocating for better water services.
• Public-private partnerships – In some cases, private companies and investors partner with the government to improve water infrastructure. This can speed up progress, but also raises concerns about affordability.

While these efforts help, much more still needs to be done to make tap water in Liberia safe for everyone. Investment in water infrastructure, stronger policies, and better public awareness are key to long-term change.

Conclusion

Access to safe drinking water remains a significant challenge in Liberia. Despite being one of the world’s wettest countries with abundant water resources, close to 90% of its population has limited access to safe drinking water. This disparity reveals the need for substantial improvements in water infrastructure and services.

The health risks associated with consuming untreated or contaminated water are severe, including waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery. These illnesses disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, particularly children, contributing to high rates of diarrheal diseases and childhood malnutrition.

Efforts to address these challenges are underway. The Liberian government, in collaboration with international organizations like UNICEF and WaterAid, is working to improve access to clean water and sanitation services. Aqua Maya, also, has flung into action to help ease the safe drinking water challenge in the country. Initiatives such as the USAID funded “Improved Access to Safe Drinking Water in Liberia” activity aim to strengthen local water service providers and expand equitable and sustainable water services.

However, achieving significant progress requires continued investment in water infrastructure, enforcement of water quality regulations, and public education on safe water practices. By addressing these issues collectively, Liberia can move towards ensuring that safe tap water is accessible to all its citizens, thereby improving public health and quality of life.

Sources

1. https://www.unicef.org/liberia/water-sanitation-and-hygiene

2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361772564

To make sure that future generations have access to safe and reliable water, changes are needed. This article explores the current state of Ghana’s water supply, the challenges it faces, and what needs to change to secure a better future for all.

Current State of Ghana’s Water Supply

Ghana relies on several sources for its water supply, including rivers, lakes, boreholes, and reservoirs. Major rivers like the Volta and the Densu are key sources of water. In cities, water is mostly supplied through pipes, while in rural areas, people often depend on boreholes and wells.

Despite these sources, not everyone in Ghana has access to clean and safe water. Urban areas are better served than rural communities, where people sometimes have to walk long distances to get water. In some cases, the water they collect is not safe to drink, leading to health issues.

Additionally, the infrastructure used to supply water is old and needs repair. Leaking pipes and poor maintenance cause water loss, reducing the amount available for people. This situation shows that while Ghana has water resources, the systems to manage and deliver them need significant improvement.

Key Challenges Facing Water Supply

Several challenges are affecting Ghana’s water supply, which makes it clear that maintaining a reliable water supply in Ghana requires strategic planning and investment.

Some of the challenges are:

• Population Growth and Increasing Demand: Ghana’s population is growing rapidly, leading to a higher demand for water. This puts pressure on existing water sources and infrastructure, making it hard to keep up with the needs of the people.
• Climate Change: Changes in weather patterns, such as unpredictable rainfall and prolonged dry seasons, are affecting water availability. Some rivers and reservoirs dry up during droughts, leading to water shortages.
• Water Pollution: Water sources in Ghana are increasingly polluted by mining activities, industrial waste, and poor waste disposal practices. Illegal mining (known as ‘galamsey’) is a major contributor, contaminating rivers with chemicals like mercury.
• Aging and Inadequate Infrastructure: Many of the water pipes and treatment plants in Ghana are old and cannot support the growing demand. Leaks and breakdowns are common, leading to frequent water shortages.

The Role of Government and Policy Changes

The government plays a crucial role in ensuring that everyone in Ghana has access to clean water. This includes setting policies and regulations that protect water sources and ensure fair distribution.

To improve water supply, the government needs to:

• Enforce Strict Environmental Regulations: This will help reduce pollution from industries, mining, and waste disposal. Ensuring that companies treat their waste before releasing it into water bodies is essential.
• Invest in Water Infrastructure: Upgrading old water pipes, building new treatment plants, and expanding water networks to underserved areas are necessary steps. This requires significant investment but is crucial for long-term water security.
• Promote Water Conservation: Policies that encourage people to use water wisely can help reduce wastage. Public awareness campaigns can educate people about the importance of saving water.
• Collaborate with Local and International Partners: Working with NGOs, private companies, and international organizations can bring in the needed funds and expertise for water projects.

The Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability

Ghana’s weather is becoming less predictable due to climate change. Rainfall patterns have changed, causing longer dry seasons in some areas and heavy floods in others. This directly affects the availability of water. When it rains less, rivers and reservoirs dry up, making it harder to provide enough water for people, farms, and industries.

On the other hand, when there is too much rain, floods can contaminate water sources with dirt, waste, and chemicals, making clean water harder to find. If Ghana does not prepare for these changes, water shortages will become more common, especially in rural areas that already struggle to get enough water.

The Role of Technology in Improving Water Supply

Technology can help solve many of Ghana’s water problems. Modern water treatment methods can remove harmful substances from polluted water, making it safe to drink. Smart water meters can also help monitor water use and detect leaks, preventing wastage.

In some rural areas, solar-powered water pumps have been installed to draw water from underground, providing a steady supply even in dry seasons. These systems do not rely on electricity and can run efficiently for years.

Additionally, mobile apps and online platforms can be used to track water quality, report shortages, and share information with the public. Investing in technology can make water management more efficient and ensure that clean water reaches more people.

Community Involvement in Water Management

Communities play a key role in keeping water sources clean and managing local water supply systems. In many parts of Ghana, community members are already responsible for maintaining boreholes and wells. However, they need more training and support to ensure these systems function properly.

When people understand the importance of protecting water sources, they are more likely to take action against pollution and wastage. Schools and local organizations should educate people on how to use water wisely and keep their environment clean.

Community leaders can also work with local authorities to report issues like broken pipes, illegal mining, or waste dumping. When communities are actively involved, water management becomes more effective and sustainable.

The Importance of Funding and Investments in Water Supply

Improving Ghana’s water supply requires money. The government alone cannot afford all the necessary projects, so private companies, international organizations, and local businesses must also contribute.

Many organizations are already working to provide clean water in Ghana, but more funding is needed to expand these efforts. Foreign aid, partnerships, and loans can help build new water treatment plants, repair broken infrastructure, and support innovative water-saving technologies.

Additionally, businesses can invest in water-efficient solutions, such as recycling water in their operations, to reduce pressure on public water supplies. By working together, both public and private sectors can ensure that every Ghanaian has access to safe and reliable water.

Strengthening Water Policies and Regulations

Laws and policies play a big role in managing Ghana’s water supply, but many rules are not strictly enforced. Illegal activities like mining and waste dumping continue to pollute water sources, and some industries use large amounts of water without proper regulation.

To improve the situation, the government needs to strengthen existing policies and ensure they are followed. Water protection laws should be enforced to prevent pollution and industries must be held accountable for how they use and treat water.

Public education is also important. When people understand the laws and their rights, they can help report violations and push for better enforcement. Stronger policies will help keep Ghana’s water safe and available for future generations.

Expanding Water Infrastructure to Meet Growing Demand

Ghana’s population is growing, and more people means a higher demand for clean water. Unfortunately, the country’s water infrastructure has not expanded fast enough to keep up. Many towns and villages still rely on old pipes, boreholes, and small water treatment plants that cannot serve everyone.

Expanding infrastructure means building more water treatment plants, repairing old pipes, and setting up new water supply systems in rural areas. It also means improving storage facilities so that water can be saved for times of scarcity.

Encouraging Water Conservation Practices

Even with improvements in supply, water conservation is essential. Many people waste water without realizing it – leaving taps running, using too much for everyday tasks, or failing to fix leaks. If this continues, water shortages will become worse, especially in dry seasons.

Education campaigns can teach people how to use water wisely, such as turning off taps when not in use, fixing leaks quickly, and using water-saving appliances. Businesses and industries can also play a role by recycling water and using efficient technologies to reduce waste. When everyone makes an effort to conserve, Ghana’s water supply will last longer and serve more people.

The Role of NGOs and International Organizations

Many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international groups are working to improve water access in Ghana. They build wells, install filtration systems, and educate communities on water safety. However, their efforts can only go so far without enough funding and local support.

More partnerships between the government, businesses, and NGOs can strengthen these efforts. Local communities should also be involved in maintaining water projects so they remain sustainable.

Organizations like Aqua Maya are already making a difference by providing clean water solutions to underserved communities. More collaborations like this can help bring lasting improvements to Ghana’s water supply.

Conclusion

Ghana’s water supply is at a turning point. While progress has been made, many challenges remain, from outdated infrastructure to pollution and climate change. To secure a future where clean water is available to all, action must be taken now.

Investments in better water systems, stricter policies, and conservation efforts will help ensure long-term water security. Expanding access to rural areas and strengthening partnerships with NGOs and international organizations like Aqua Maya will also play a key role.

Most importantly, every Ghanaian has a part to play – whether by using water wisely, protecting natural sources, or supporting initiatives that improve water access. With commitment and cooperation, Ghana can build a future where safe, reliable water is no longer a privilege, but a basic right for all.

Sources

1. https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water

2. https://ghana.un.org/en/224267-un-ghana-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-support-programme

3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589757824000271

4. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2022/10/31/country-climate-and-development-report-ccdr-for-ghana

5. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana

Let’s take a closer look.

Why Bottled Water is Popular in Ghana

Bottled water is widely used in Ghana for a few main reasons:

1. Concerns About Tap and Well Water – Many areas in Ghana struggle with clean water access. Tap water is not always available or safe to drink, and well water can be contaminated. Because of this, people turn to bottled water as a more reliable option.
2. Convenience – Bottled water is easy to find and carry around. Whether at home, work, or on the go, people prefer the ease of grabbing a bottle rather than boiling or filtering water.
3. Perceived Safety – There is a belief that bottled water is always cleaner and healthier than other water sources. Since it comes in a sealed bottle, many people assume it has gone through strict safety checks.

How Bottled Water is Regulated in Ghana

To ensure bottled water is safe for drinking, there are rules in place. The Food and Drugs Authority (FDA) and the Ghana Standards Authority are responsible for checking the quality of bottled water.

Here’s how regulation works:

• Approval Process – Companies must get approval before selling bottled water. This includes testing the water for harmful substances.
• Regular Inspections – Officials inspect water production sites to make sure they meet safety standards.
• Product Labeling – Bottled water must have proper labels showing important details, like production and expiration dates.

However, despite these regulations, some bottled water brands still fail to meet safety standards due to weak enforcement or illegal production.

Is Bottled Water Always Safe?

While bottled water is meant to be safe, there are times when it can still be unsafe to drink. Some risks include:

• Fake and Unregulated Brands – Some companies produce bottled water without proper approval, selling unsafe products to the public.
• Contamination During Storage – If bottled water is stored in hot places (like under the sun for long hours), harmful chemicals from the plastic bottle can leak into the water.
• Expired and Tampered Bottles – Expired bottled water can develop bacteria, and some bottles may be refilled with untreated water and resold.

For these reasons, bottled water is not always the safest option. It’s important to check labels, buy from trusted brands, and store bottles properly.

Alternatives to Bottled Water in Ghana

While bottled water is widely used, there are other safe drinking water options in Ghana, including:

1. Sachet Water (“Pure Water”) – Small plastic sachets of purified water are affordable and widely available. However, not all brands meet safety standards, so it’s important to choose trusted ones.
2. Filtered Tap Water – In areas where tap water is available, using water filters can help remove dirt and bacteria, making it safer to drink.
3. Boiled Water – Boiling water before drinking is a simple and effective way to kill harmful bacteria and viruses.
4. Community Water Stations – Some areas have public water stations where treated water is sold at a lower price than bottled water.

The Cost of Bottled Water vs. Other Options

Bottled water is much more expensive than other drinking water sources in Ghana. Here’s how it compares:

• Bottled Water – A small bottle can cost between GH₵2 to GH₵5, while a large one can be over GH₵10.
• Sachet Water – A whole bag of sachet water (30-50 sachets) costs between GH₵8 to GH₵15, making it a cheaper option.
• Filtered Water – Buying a water filter may cost more at first, but in the long run, it’s much cheaper than buying bottled water every day.
• Boiled Water – This is the least expensive option, especially for households with access to tap or borehole water.

For many families, the high cost of bottled water makes it difficult to rely on as a main source of drinking water.

Environmental Impact of Bottled Water in Ghana

Bottled water is convenient, but it also creates serious environmental problems:

1. Plastic Waste – Used plastic bottles often end up in streets, gutters, and water bodies, causing pollution. Ghana struggles with plastic waste management and most plastic bottles are not properly recycled.
2. Clogged Drains and Flooding – When plastic waste blocks drainage systems, it increases the risk of floods, especially in cities like Accra.
3. Harm to Marine Life – When plastic bottles end up in rivers and the ocean, they harm fish and other aquatic animals.
4. High Carbon Footprint – Producing and transporting bottled water uses a lot of energy and contributes to climate change.

Because of these issues, finding sustainable water options is important for Ghana’s future.

How to Make Safer Choices When Buying Bottled Water

If you choose to drink bottled water, here are some ways to ensure it is safe:

1. Check the Label – Make sure the water is registered with the Food and Drugs Authority (FDA). Look for an expiration date and batch number.
2. Buy from Trusted Brands – Stick to well-known and approved bottled water brands. Avoid buying water from unknown roadside vendors.
3. Inspect the Bottle – Ensure the seal is not broken and the water inside is clear. Avoid bottles with floating particles or a bad smell.
4. Store Properly – Keep bottled water in a cool place, away from direct sunlight, to prevent chemicals from leaking into the water.

Government Regulations on Bottled Water in Ghana

The Ghanaian government has put in place several regulations to ensure bottled water is safe for consumption. These regulations help protect consumers from harmful or low-quality products.

1. Food and Drugs Authority (FDA) Standards – The FDA is responsible for monitoring and approving bottled water brands in Ghana. Companies must meet hygiene and safety standards before selling their products.
2. Ghana Standards Authority (GSA) Certification – The GSA sets quality standards for bottled water to ensure it is free from harmful bacteria and chemicals.
3. Regular Inspections – Government agencies conduct periodic checks on water production facilities to confirm they meet safety requirements.
4. Labeling Requirements – Bottled water brands must provide clear labels with production dates, expiration dates, and batch numbers.
5. Enforcement of Quality Control – Companies that fail to meet safety standards can face fines, warnings, or even closure.

While these regulations exist, enforcement remains a challenge. Some unregistered brands still manage to sell unsafe bottled water, so consumers must be cautious when making purchases.

Potential Risks of Bottled Water Consumption

While bottled water is often considered a safer option, it is not without risks. Some concerns include:

1. Fake and Unregulated Brands – Some bottled water brands in Ghana operate without proper approval. These products may not meet safety standards, putting consumers at risk.
2. Plastic Contamination – Long exposure to heat can cause chemicals from plastic bottles to leach into the water, which may have health effects over time.
3. Storage and Handling Issues –  Poor storage conditions, such as keeping bottles under direct sunlight, can reduce water quality.
4. Environmental Impact – The rise in bottled water use has led to plastic waste problems as many bottles end up littering streets, rivers, and other water sources.

Comparing Bottled Water with Other Water Sources

To decide if bottled water is always the safer choice, it’s important to compare it with other sources of drinking water in Ghana:

1. Tap Water – In urban areas, tap water is treated, but aging pipes and inconsistent supply can lead to contamination. In rural areas, access to safe tap water is limited.
2. Sachet Water – Popular and affordable, sachet water is regulated but can sometimes be contaminated due to improper handling or storage.
3. Well and Borehole Water – In some communities, wells and boreholes provide clean water, but poor maintenance or pollution from mining and waste can make them unsafe.
4. Filtered or Boiled Water – Households that filter or boil water reduce contamination risks, making it a reliable alternative.

Each water source has its pros and cons, so the best choice depends on quality assurance, handling, and proper regulation.

Conclusion

Bottled water is often seen as the safest drinking option in Ghana, but this is not always the case. While many brands meet safety standards, others operate without proper regulation, putting consumers at risk. Additionally, storage and environmental issues raise concerns about its long-term impact.

Tap water, sachet water, and borehole sources each have their own challenges, from inconsistent treatment to contamination risks. The key to safer drinking water lies not just in choosing bottled water, but in ensuring proper regulation, improved water treatment, and better storage practices.

For Ghanaians, the best approach is to stay informed about water quality, check for regulatory approvals on bottled and sachet water, and consider alternatives like filtered or boiled water when necessary.

Providing access to clean drinking water is Aqua Maya‘s goal for underserved communities in West Africa and the organization has been working tooth and nail to make it happen in Ghana. Access to clean water has to be a shared responsibility, requiring combined efforts of government action, NGOs, and public awareness to ensure safer choices for everyone.

Sources

1. https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water

2. https://www.oxfam.org/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-education-eastern-ghana

3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3842094

Water isn’t just something we drink – it’s essential for health, work, education, and even business growth. When people don’t have enough safe water, the economy suffers in many ways. Families spend more money on medical bills, workers miss work due to sickness, and businesses struggle to operate. The ripple effect is huge, affecting both individuals and the country as a whole.

So, what exactly does this mean for Benin’s economy? Let’s take a closer look.

In Benin, the economic repercussions are evident across various sectors:

• Healthcare: The prevalence of waterborne diseases increases medical expenses for both individuals and the government.
• Productivity: Illnesses related to unsafe water lead to absenteeism, reducing workforce efficiency.
• Education: Children missing school due to water-related illnesses hampers human capital development.
• Agriculture: Farmers face challenges in crop production due to unreliable water sources, affecting food security and income.

Addressing these issues is crucial for Benin’s sustainable development and economic growth.

The Impact on Public Health and Healthcare Costs

Inadequate access to clean water in Benin has led to a high prevalence of waterborne diseases. Health statistics from 2021 revealed that waterborne diseases accounted for 52.3% of all illnesses in Benin. This situation places a significant burden on hospitals and healthcare facilities, which often struggle to manage the influx of patients during outbreaks.

For families, the financial strain is considerable. Medical expenses for treatment, coupled with potential loss of income due to illness, can push households into deeper poverty. The economic impact extends to the national level, as resources that could be invested in development projects are diverted to address health crises.

Loss of Productivity in the Workforce

The prevalence of waterborne diseases directly affects workforce productivity in Benin. When individuals fall ill, they are unable to attend work, leading to decreased output in various sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, and services. This absenteeism hampers economic growth and reduces the overall efficiency of industries.

For instance, in the agricultural sector, which employs a significant portion of Benin’s population, illness among workers can lead to delays in planting and harvesting, resulting in reduced yields and financial losses. Similarly, in urban areas, businesses may experience decreased productivity due to employee absenteeism, affecting their profitability and contribution to the economy.

Water Scarcity and Its Effect on Agriculture

Agriculture is the backbone of Benin’s economy, employing a large portion of the population. However, unreliable water supply makes farming difficult. Many farmers depend on rain for irrigation, but when rainfall is insufficient or unpredictable, crops fail, leading to food shortages and financial losses.

Livestock farming also suffers. Animals need clean drinking water, and when it’s scarce, their health declines, affecting meat and dairy production. This, in turn, raises food prices, making basic nutrition unaffordable for many families.

The economic impact is significant. Lower agricultural yields mean less food for local consumption and export. Farmers lose income and the country’s economy suffers due to reduced agricultural output.

The Burden on Women and Children

In many rural communities, women and children bear the responsibility of fetching water. With limited access to clean water sources, they often walk long distances daily, spending hours collecting water instead of engaging in productive activities.

For women, this means fewer opportunities for income-generating work or education. Instead of contributing to the economy, they are forced to focus on basic survival needs. This widens the gap in economic participation between men and women, slowing overall development.

Children, especially girls, miss school because of water collection duties. This limits their future prospects, continuing the cycle of poverty. When water is readily available, women can start small businesses and children can focus on education, leading to long-term economic benefits.

Increased Cost of Living and Financial Burden on Households

When tap water is unavailable or unreliable, families are forced to buy water from vendors, which can be expensive. In urban areas, the cost of purchasing clean water can take up a large portion of a household’s income.

Those who cannot afford to buy clean water may end up drinking from unsafe sources, leading to health issues and medical expenses. Others invest in water treatment methods like boiling or filtering, which also adds to household costs.

For the poorest families, this creates an economic trap. They spend more on water and healthcare, leaving little for education, business investments, or other essential needs. Addressing water supply challenges can help reduce these financial burdens and improve overall living standards.

The Impact on Businesses and Economic Development

Businesses need a steady water supply to operate efficiently. Whether it’s restaurants, hotels, factories, or markets, water is a crucial resource. However, in areas with poor water access, businesses struggle.

Manufacturing companies, for example, rely on water for production processes. If water is scarce, production slows down, leading to financial losses. Some businesses are forced to invest in alternative water sources, increasing their operating costs.

The tourism industry is also affected. Hotels and restaurants need clean water for hygiene and customer satisfaction. A lack of water can lead to poor reviews, reduced bookings, and a decline in the sector’s contribution to the economy.

Furthermore, potential investors hesitate to establish businesses in areas with poor infrastructure, limiting economic growth. A reliable water supply attracts businesses, creates jobs, and boosts economic stability.

Government Spending and Lost Revenue

When water supply is inadequate, the government faces a financial burden in multiple ways. Emergency responses to waterborne disease outbreaks, such as cholera or typhoid, require funding for medical supplies, treatment centers, and public health campaigns. These are reactive expenses that could be reduced with better water infrastructure.

Lost productivity due to water-related illnesses also means fewer people contributing to the economy, leading to lower tax revenue. When businesses struggle with water shortages, they generate less income, which affects the government’s ability to collect taxes and fund essential services.

Additionally, delays in investing in proper water systems lead to higher costs in the long run. A well-planned investment in clean water access can save money by reducing healthcare expenses, improving productivity, and boosting economic growth.

Potential Solutions and Economic Benefits of Improving Water Supply

Investing in reliable water infrastructure is not just a necessity – it’s a smart economic decision. Expanding access to clean water can improve public health, reduce medical costs, and enhance productivity across multiple sectors.

Public-private partnerships can play a crucial role in financing and managing water projects. When the government collaborates with private companies and international organizations, they can secure funding for sustainable water systems, reducing financial strain.

Better water access also stimulates business growth. Industries can operate efficiently, farmers can produce more food, and tourism can thrive. Women and children, freed from the burden of water collection, can contribute more to education and economic activities.

Ultimately, improving water supply strengthens Benin’s economy, creating a healthier, more productive workforce and attracting investment. Reliable access to clean water is not just a basic need – it is a key driver of economic progress.

The Role of Technology and Innovation in Water Supply Solutions

Advancements in technology and innovation can significantly improve water access and management in Benin. Simple yet effective solutions, such as solar-powered water pumps, rainwater harvesting systems, and water purification technologies, can help communities access clean water more efficiently.

Smart water management systems, including real-time monitoring of water quality and supply levels, can help prevent shortages and contamination. Mobile apps and digital payment systems can also streamline water distribution, making it easier for people to access and pay for clean water.

Investing in research and innovation not only improves water availability but also creates job opportunities in the water sector. Local engineers, technicians, and entrepreneurs can develop and maintain these solutions, boosting economic growth while addressing the water crisis.

By embracing modern technology, Benin can take significant steps toward ensuring sustainable and affordable access to clean water for all.

Conclusion

The economic cost of inadequate water supply in Benin Republic is too high to ignore. From rising healthcare expenses and lost productivity to reduced agricultural output and missed business opportunities, the lack of clean and reliable water affects nearly every aspect of life. Families struggle with the financial burden of medical bills and high water costs, while businesses and schools face disruptions that slow economic growth.

However, improving water supply is not just about avoiding these costs – it is also an investment in a stronger economy. When people have access to clean water, they are healthier, more productive, and better able to contribute to the country’s development. Farmers can grow more food, businesses can operate more efficiently, and children can attend school without the constant threat of waterborne diseases.

To achieve this, the government, private sector, and international partners must prioritize water infrastructure projects, embrace innovative solutions, and ensure that all communities – especially the most vulnerable – have access to safe water. Thankfully, Aqua Maya has positioned itself strongly to ease the water troubles of underserved communities. Addressing the water crisis is not just a social responsibility; it is an economic necessity for Benin’s future.

Sources

1. https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/18987.html

2. https://sdgtransformationcenter.org/news/benin-2024-edition

3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11765368/#B5-ijerph-22-00058

4. https://www.unsdsn.org/news/benin-aims-to-increase-drinking-water-service-coverage-to-100-by-2026/